Is earthquake activity increasing? | April 2010

Richard Hollingham interviews Dr Brian Baptie; listening to world earthquake activity over the last ten years using 'music' to demonstrate how earthquakes aren't regular occurences, but events that happen in clusters.

Number of worldwide earthquakes with a magnitude of 7 or greater over the last two decades. CLICK TO ENLARGE

Recent devastating earthquakes in Haiti, Chile and China, as well as magnitude 7+ earthquakes in Indonesia and California, might give the impression that earthquake activity is increasing.

In fact, a quick look at earthquake statistics over the last 20 years shows that this is not the case.

On average there are about 15 earthquakes every year with a magnitude of 7 or greater.

As with any almost random phenomena, the number of earthquakes each year varies slightly from this average, but in general, there are no dramatic variations.

So far this year, there have been six magnitude 7+ earthquakes, in keeping with the annual rate.

Energy budget

Earthquake activity is controlled by the motion of the Earth's tectonic plates, driven by heat generation from the decay of radioactive elements deep inside our planet. Thermodynamics requires that for more energy to come out of a system, more energy has to go in.

A long term increase in earthquake activity would require an increase in the Earth's internal energy supply, which would be difficult to account for.

Detection

It is true that our ability to detect and measure earthquakes has improved over the last few decades due to huge increases in the number of seismograph stations that record earthquakes. However, this mainly affects our ability to detect smaller earthquakes.

Global earthquake frequency-magnitude graph

Graph showing the annual average number of worldwide earthquakes of each magnitude calculated over the last 20 years. This shows how earthquake numbers decrease as magnitude increases. For example: there are roughly ten times as many earthquakes of magnitude 6 than magnitude 7. CLICK TO ENLARGE

Larger earthquakes occur less frequently than smaller ones. This relationship is exponential, i.e. there are ten times as many magnitude 6 or larger earthquakes in a given time period than magnitude 7 or larger earthquakes.

World map of seismic stations.
Bathymetry and topography: US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Geophysical Data Center, 2006. 2-minute Gridded Global Relief Data ( ETOPO2v2)

Why it might seem that there are more earthquakes

Earthquakes in populated areas are far more apparent than the many that occur in remote regions. So when, by chance, a run of earthquakes hit population centres it appears that the number of events has increased. Also, there are more people at risk. Population increases mean there are more people than ever in earthquake prone regions. So although the number of earthquakes remains the same the impact increases.
Earthquake clustering — Although long-term averages are fairly constant, in any quasi-random process, you get clustering in time. Increases and decreases in seismicity rates are a natural part of this. People notice the clusters; they don't notice the gaps in-between. They also forget the previous cluster!
Global communication — Vast improvements in global communications mean we have near instant pictures of devastating earthquakes from all around the world. This means more people are aware of earthquakes and their impact.

Further information

Contact Brian Baptie for further information.

Research